A wall painting that might depict the ancient Anatolian city of Çatalhöyük (previously known as Catal Huyuk or Çatal Hüyük) has been dated to the late 7th millennium BCE. What is the earliest known map is a matter of some debate, both because the term "map" is not well-defined and because some artifacts that might be maps might actually be something else. Modern cartography constitutes many theoretical and practical foundations of geographic information systems (GIS) and geographic information science (GISc).Ĭopy (1472) of St. Orchestrate the elements of the map to best convey its message to its audience.This is also the concern of generalization. Reduce the complexity of the characteristics that will be mapped.Eliminate characteristics of the mapped object that are not relevant to the map's purpose.Represent the terrain of the mapped object on flat media.Traits may be physical, such as roads or land masses, or may be abstract, such as toponyms or political boundaries. Set the map's agenda and select traits of the object to be mapped.The fundamental objectives of traditional cartography are to: Combining science, aesthetics and technique, cartography builds on the premise that reality (or an imagined reality) can be modeled in ways that communicate spatial information effectively. And in hoity-toity Mauritius, it’s interior design.Cartography ( / k ɑːr ˈ t ɒ ɡ r ə f i/ from Greek χάρτης chartēs, "papyrus, sheet of paper, map" and γράφειν graphein, "write") is the study and practice of making and using maps. In South Africa, the dream career is that of cooking gas refiller. Namibians, perhaps not so surprisingly given the steady stream of tourists, want to go into photography. Somalians are keen on the consulting business. Amid relatively mainstream ambitions (real estate in Lesotho, import/export in Chad, cleaning in Senegal), the continent also has a few standout preferences for people with an entrepreneurial itch. Recycling is the most popular option in several countries, from Mali to Mozambique. Customers deposit and withdraw money from any type of trusted agent, ranging from phone time resellers to your local corner shop. M-Pesa is a banking service without banks.
The most popular choice in Kenya involves M-Pesa, a home-grown, mobile phone-based money transfer service now also popular in other parts of Africa (and as far beyond as Afghanistan). Retail and e-commerce is a popular segment, ranging from enthusiasm for the point-of-sale industry in Nigeria to crafts in Angola and clothes in Mozambique. Which industry do business hopefuls across Africa research online? As you would expect from such a large and diverse continent, many different things. Sierra Leoneans, Ghanaians, Ethiopians, Rwandans, Malawians, and Lesothans share a business dream: real estate. So, what do budding entrepreneurs dream of when they want to start a business? At the beginning of this year, start-up facilitator Zen Business investigated which keywords people across the world search for online in combination with their local language equivalent to the term “start a business.” But otherwise, she’s right: To start a business (and succeed at it), you need - apart from starting capital, a business plan, organizational skills, a strong work ethic, common sense, a flexible labor market, a favorable tax climate, and (if it’s not too much to ask) good health and education - to dream big, or go home. ‘Ambitious’ is my middle name,” Kim Kardashian once said.Īctually, her middle name is Noel. Operating outside the regular banking industry, it provides business opportunities for a whole range of sellers, agents, brokers, and other mediators, in Kenya and beyond. Developed in Kenya, M-Pesa is a system that facilitates money transfers via mobile phone.
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